Ignorance and treachery one against the other--a grovelling servile and abject submission to the lash of tyrants, we see plainly, my brethren, are not the natural elements of the blacks, as the Americans try to make us believe; but these are misfortunes which God has suffered our fathers to be enveloped in for many ages, no doubt in consequence of their disobedience to their Maker, and which do, indeed, reign at this time among us, almost to the destruction of all other principles: for I must truly say, that ignorance, the mother of treachery and deceit, gnaws into our very vitals. Ignorance, as it now exits among us, produces a state of things, Oh my Lord! too horrible to present to the world. Any man who is curious to see the full force of ignorance developed among the coloured people of the United States of America, has only to go into the southern and western states Page 25of this confederacy, where, if he is not a tyrant, but has the feelings of a human being, who can feel for a fellow creature, he may see enough to make his very heart bleed! He may see there, a son take his mother, who bore almost the pains of death to give him birth, and by the command of a tyrant, strip her as naked as she came into the world, and apply the cow-hide to her, until she falls a victim to death in the road! He may see a husband take his dear wife, not unfrequently in a pregnant state, and perhaps far advanced, and beat her for an unmerciful wretch, until his infant falls a lifeless lump at her feet! Can the Americans escape God Almighty? If they do, can he be to us a God of Justice? God is just, and I know it--for he has convinced me to my satisfaction--I cannot doubt him. My observer may see fathers beating their sons, mothers their daughters, and children their parents, all to pacify the passions of unrelenting tyrants. He may also, see them telling news and lies, making mischief one upon another. These are some of the productions of ignorance, which he will see practised among my dear brethren, who are held in unjust slavery and wretchedness, by avaricious and unmerciful tyrants, to whom, and their hellish deeds, I would suffer my life to be taken before I would submit. And when my curious observer comes to take notice of those who are said to be free, (which assertion I deny) and who are making some frivolous pretentions to common sense, he will see that branch of ignorance among the slaves assuming a more cunning and deceitful course of procedure.--He may see some of my brethren in league with tyrants, selling their own brethren into hell upon earth, not dissimilar to the exhibitions in Africa, but in a more secret, servile and abject manner. Oh Heaven! I am full!!! I can hardly move my pen!!! and as I expect some will try to put me to death, to strike terror into others, and to obliterate from their minds the notion of freedom, so as to Page 26keep my brethren the more secure in wretchedness, where they will be permitted to stay but a short time (whether tyrants believe it or not)--I shall give the world a development of facts, which are already witnessed in the courts of heaven. My observer may see some of those ignorant and treacherous creatures (coloured people) sneaking about in the large cities, endeavouring to find out all strange coloured people, where they work and where they reside, asking them questions, and trying to ascertain whether they are runaways or not, telling them, at the same time, that they always have been, are, and always will be, friends to their brethren; and, perhaps, that they themselves are absconders, and a thousand such treacherous lies to get the better information of the more ignorant!!! There have been and are at this day in Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, coloured men, who are in league with tyrants, and who receive a great portion of their daily bread, of the moneys which they acquire from the blood and tears of their more miserable brethren, whom they scandalously delivered into the hands of our natural enemies!!!!!!
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I shall now pass in review the speech of Mr. Elias B. Caldwell, Esq. of the District of Columbia, extracted from the same page on which Mr. Clay's will be found. Mr. Caldwell, giving his opinion respecting us, at that ever memorable meeting, he says: "The more you improve the condition of these people, the more you cultivate their minds, the more miserable you make them in their present state. You give them a higher relish for those privileges which they can never attain, and turn what we intend for a blessing into a curse." Let me ask this benevolent man, what he means by a blessing intended for us? Did he mean sinking us and our children into ignorance and wretchedness, to support him and his family? What he meant will appear evident and obvious to the most ignorant in the world See Mr. Caldwell's intended blessings for us, O! my Lord!! "No," said he, "if they must remain in their present situation, keep them in the lowest state of degradation and ignorance. The nearer you bring them to Page 58the condition of brutes, the better chance do you give them of possessing their apathy." Here I pause to get breath, having labored to extract the above clause of this gentleman's speech, at that colonizing meeting. I presume that every body knows the meaning of the world "apathy,"--if any do not, let him get Sheridan's Dictionary, in which he will find it explained in full. I solicit the attention of the world, to the foregoing part of Mr. Caldwell's speech, that they may see what man will do with his fellow men, when he has them under his feet. To what length will not man go in iniquity when given up to a hard heart, and reprobate mind, in consequence of blood and oppression? The last clause of this speech, which was written in a very artful manner, and which will be taken for the speech of a friend, without close examination and deep penetration, I shall now present. He says, "surely, Americans ought to be the last people on earth, to advocate such slavish doctrines, to cry peace and contentment to those who are deprived of the privileges of civil liberty, they who have so largely partaken of its blessings, who know so well how to estimate its value, ought to be among the foremost to extend it to others." The real sense and meaning of the last part of Mr. Caldwell's speech is, get the free people of colour away to Africa, from among the slaves, where they may at once be blessed and happy, and those who we hold in slavery, will be contented to rest in ignorance and wretchedness, to dig up gold and silver for us and our children. Men have indeed got to be so cunning, these days, that it would take the eye of a Solomon to penetrate and find them out.
The membrane potential (MP) can be divided into a diffusion potential, determined by the relative permeability of the membrane for Na+ and K+ and an additional potential arising from the operation of an electrogenic Na+ pump. Under normal conditions of the Na+/K+-pump, the MP is approximately 10 mV more electronegative than if it were due only to passive ion fluxes. This highlights the important contribution played by the active transport mediated by the transporter. Thomas (1972a, 1982), in experiments on Helix aspersa (now classified as Cornu aspersum, but in this review the name used in the literature quoted will be used) giant neurons, found that injection of Na+ hyperpolarized these neurons by up to 25 mV and this hyperpolarization was prevented in K+-free saline. He showed that ouabain reduces MP in these neurons by around 3 mV, reaching a constant value after 6 min. The same time is necessary for the inhibition of the Na+/K+-pump with ouabain, whose reaction speed was determined by the change in the intracellular activity of Na+, measured by the Na+ selective microelectrode. [Na+]i was calculated to be 3.6 mM but increased in the presence of ouabain and when external K+ was reduced to zero. The maximum depolarization of Helix pomatia neurons caused by ouabain was about 7 mV (Christoffersen 1972). However, the size of the depolarization due to cardiac glycosides depends on the neuron under investigation. Lambert et al. (1974) found two types of neuron in H. aspersa, one depolarized by strophanthidin and a second type that was resistant. The average depolarization to strophanthidin was 8.2 mV with little or no change in membrane resistance. These authors concluded that strophanthidin-sensitive neurons were relatively permeable to sodium and the coupling between Na+ and K+ was calculated as 3Na+:2K+. Na+/K+ pump makes a significant contribution to the MP of the mollusc neurons because of the high specific resistance of their membranes (about 1 MΩ/sm2) (Kononenko 1976). To maintain a balance between the pump and passive membrane currents, many more Na+/K+-pump molecules are required, approximately 1000 times more than channel proteins for K+ and Na+ (Daut 1987). The distance between Na+/K+-pump molecules is, on average, only 34 nm. Thus, the membrane has a high density of pump molecules. The fact that the flow of Na+ ions into the cell and K+ ions from the cell is compensated by the pump has another consequence, which is to maintain a stable osmotic pressure and constant volume (Daut 1987).
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